A Case of Biphenotypic Sinonasal Sarcoma Found in a Young Woman’s Nasal Cavity / 대한이비인후과학회지

Biphenotypic sinonasal sarcoma (BSNS) is a newly recognized, very rare malignant tumor of nose and paranasal sinuses, which usually occurs in women. This tumor contains both neural and muscle tissue in the tumor tissue. It is an invasive disease occuring locally in the nasal cavity. However, if not found early, it can spread along the facial structure, for instance, the orbit, skull base, intracranium, and the oropharynx. This tumor is an uncommon disease that has not been reported in Korea to date. We report a case of a 35-year-old female recently diagnosed with BSNS with a review of the literature.

Comparison of Conventional Surgical Tracheostomy and Percutaneous Dilatational Tracheostomy in the Neurosurgical Intensive Care Unit / 대한신경손상학회지

Objective@#Tracheostomy is a necessary procedure for patients admitted to the neurosurgery intensive care unit (ICU) with severe brain injury, because mechanical ventilation must be maintained for a long time following neurologic failure. The purpose of this study was to compare conventional surgical tracheostomy (CST) and percutaneous dilatational tracheostomy (PDT) performed at the bedside in critically ill neurosurgery patients requiring tracheostomy to determine which procedure has comparative advantages. @*Methods@#This retprospective study was conducted between January 2019 and December 2020. PDT was performed on 52 patients and CST was performed on 44 patients. The baseline characteristics, procedural characteristics, and clinical outcomes were recorded. @*Results@#The mean operative time in the CST group was 25.5±6.5 minutes and that in the PDT group was 15.1±2.5 minutes; the difference was statistically significant (p<0.01). Four patients in the CST group and none in the PDT group experienced bleeding requiring transfusion. However, there was no significant difference in total ICU mortality or length of hospital stay. There were no statistical differences in the individual complication categories between the 2 study groups. @*Conclusion@#There were fewer procedure-induced complications among patients receiving PDT than among those receiving CST. In addition, the treatment time for PDT was shorter than that for CST treatment.

Reappraisal of sepsis-3 and CLIF-SOFA as predictors of mortality in patients with cirrhosis and infection presenting to the emergency department: A multicenter study

Background/Aims@#Sepsis-3 criteria and quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) have been advocated to be used in defining sepsis in the general population. We aimed to compare the Sepsis-3 criteria and Chronic Liver Failure-SOFA (CLIF-SOFA) scores as predictors of in-hospital mortality in cirrhotic patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) for infections. @*Methods@#A total of 1,622 cirrhosis patients admitted at the ED for infections were assessed retrospectively. We analyzed their demographic, laboratory, and microbiological data upon diagnosis of the infection. The primary endpoint was inhospital mortality rate. The predictive performances of baseline CLIF-SOFA, Sepsis-3, and qSOFA scores for in-hospital mortality were evaluated. @*Results@#The CLIF-SOFA score proved to be significantly better in predicting in-hospital mortality (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve [AUROC], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.78–0.82) than the Sepsis-3 (AUROC, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.72–0.77, P10%; this is the cutoff point for the definition of sepsis. @*Conclusions@#Among cirrhosis patients presenting with infections at the ED, CLIF-SOFA scores showed a better predictive performance for mortality than both Sepsis-3 criteria and qSOFA scores, and can be a useful tool of risk stratification in cirrhotic patients requiring timely intervention for infection.

A Case of Plasma Cell Mucositis Arising From the Larynx

Plasma cell mucositis is a very rare benign disease characterized by dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the submucosa layer. It appears as a reddish ulcer on the mucous membrane or as a cobblestone or nodular mass on the affected mucosa. When it involves the pharynx or larynx, the patient presents with dysphagia, voice change and dyspnea. Clinically, it is important to differentiate with malignant diseases such as extramedullary plasmacytoma, amyloidosis and sarcodosis. Several cases of mucositis in the larynx have been reported in English literature, but none have been reported in Korea. We report a case of plasma cell mucositis in the larynx with a review of literature.

A Case of Schwannoma in Subfrontal Area and Nasal Cavity

Schwannoma is a benign solitary neoplasm emerging from the Schwann cells of the peripheral, cranial and autonomic nerves. Approximately 25 to 45% of schwannomas occur in the head and neck region. However, schwannoma in the subfrontal area, nasal cavity or paranasal sinus is very rare and accounts for only 4% of these neoplasms. We experienced a case of schwannoma in the subfrontal area and left nasal cavity in a 74-year-old man who complained of recurrent rhinorrhea. We report this unusual case of schwannoma with a review of the literature.

Correction of a nasal soft triangle deficiency as a complication of augmentation rhinoplasty

The soft tissue triangle is an easily recognizable subunit of the nose. Therefore, deformities in this region resulting from trauma or complications after cosmetic surgery can have serious cosmetic impacts. Various reconstruction choices exist for deformities such as depression of the soft triangle but choosing the most appropriate treatment in each case remains a challenge. In the case described herein, a patient underwent augmentation rhinoplasty with a silastic implant and experienced implant exposure in the soft triangle area. After implant removal, the patient complained of depression in this area. The authors effectively solved this problem through a de-epithelialized composite tissue graft. In this report, we present this case and review similar cases of reconstruction of the soft triangle.

A Case of Plasma Cell Mucositis Arising From the Larynx

Plasma cell mucositis is a very rare benign disease characterized by dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltration in the submucosa layer. It appears as a reddish ulcer on the mucous membrane or as a cobblestone or nodular mass on the affected mucosa. When it involves the pharynx or larynx, the patient presents with dysphagia, voice change and dyspnea. Clinically, it is important to differentiate with malignant diseases such as extramedullary plasmacytoma, amyloidosis and sarcodosis. Several cases of mucositis in the larynx have been reported in English literature, but none have been reported in Korea. We report a case of plasma cell mucositis in the larynx with a review of literature.

A Case of Schwannoma in Subfrontal Area and Nasal Cavity

Schwannoma is a benign solitary neoplasm emerging from the Schwann cells of the peripheral, cranial and autonomic nerves. Approximately 25 to 45% of schwannomas occur in the head and neck region. However, schwannoma in the subfrontal area, nasal cavity or paranasal sinus is very rare and accounts for only 4% of these neoplasms. We experienced a case of schwannoma in the subfrontal area and left nasal cavity in a 74-year-old man who complained of recurrent rhinorrhea. We report this unusual case of schwannoma with a review of the literature.

Correction of a nasal soft triangle deficiency as a complication of augmentation rhinoplasty

The soft tissue triangle is an easily recognizable subunit of the nose. Therefore, deformities in this region resulting from trauma or complications after cosmetic surgery can have serious cosmetic impacts. Various reconstruction choices exist for deformities such as depression of the soft triangle but choosing the most appropriate treatment in each case remains a challenge. In the case described herein, a patient underwent augmentation rhinoplasty with a silastic implant and experienced implant exposure in the soft triangle area. After implant removal, the patient complained of depression in this area. The authors effectively solved this problem through a de-epithelialized composite tissue graft. In this report, we present this case and review similar cases of reconstruction of the soft triangle.

Quiescence and Subsequent Anterior Chamber Inflammation in Adalimumab-treated Pediatric Noninfectious Uveitis

Purpose@#To evaluate the effect of adalimumab in pediatric uveitis and subsequent changes in anterior chamber inflammation following the inactivation of uveitis. @*Methods@#In this retrospective study, patients with noninfectious uveitis younger than 18 years of age who were treated with adalimumab for more than 12 months were included. The rate of complete suppression and the relapse in anterior chamber inflammation following the initiation of adalimumab therapy were evaluated using anterior chamber cell score and laser flare photometry (LFP) values, if available. Changes in visual acuity and the sparing effect of topical steroid agents were also evaluated. @*Results@#Among 22 eyes of 12 pediatric uveitis patients enrolled, 13 eyes were associated with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and nine eyes had idiopathic uveitis. The mean ± standard deviation age was 10.2 ± 3.6 years. Types of uveitis included ante-rior uveitis (n = 17) and panuveitis (n = 5). Quiescence was observed in 14 eyes (63.6%) at 3 months and in 21 eyes (95.5%) at 12 months after initiation, respectively. After achieving inactive uveitis, uveitis relapsed in two eyes at 6 months, even with adalimumab treatment. In 11 eyes, anterior chamber showed 0.5+ cell scores during the rest of the follow-up period and one of those eyes met the criteria for the relapse based on LFP values. The dosage of topical steroids decreased significantly at 3, 9, and 12 months after the initiation of therapy (p ≤ 0.05). Visual acuity did not show improvement. There were no severe adverse effects of anti-tumor necrosis factor-α treatment reported. @*Conclusions@#In this study, adalimumab achieved a quiescent state in most eyes with pediatric noninfectious uveitis for 12 months with a relapse rate of 9.5%. LFP values together with the anterior chamber cell score can be utilized to monitor the improvement or relapse in anterior chamber inflammation in pediatric noninfectious uveitis.

Effects of hyperbaric oxygen on graft survival outcomes in composite grafting for amputated fingertip injury

Background@#Fingertip injuries are the most common type of traumatic injury treated at emergency departments and require prompt and adequate interventions for favorable wound survival outcomes. Hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) therapy is well known for its many positive effects on wound healing. We hypothesized that treatment with HBO2 would improve the graft survival outcomes of amputated fingertip injuries treated with composite grafts. @*Methods@#This retrospective observational study included fingertip amputations that were treated between January 2013 and December 2017. A conventional group and an HBO2 therapy group were statistically compared to evaluate the effect of HBO2 treatment. Graft survival was categorized as either success or failure. @*Results@#Among 55 cases (digits), 34 digits were conventionally treated, while 21 digits were treated with HBO2. No statistically significant differences were observed between the groups with regard to general characteristics. Among patients with guillotine-type injuries, the composite graft success rate was statistically significantly higher in the group that received HBO2 therapy than in the conventional group (P=0.0337). Overall, the HBO2 group also demonstrated a statistically significantly shorter healing time than the conventional group (P=0.0075). As such, HBO2 treatment facilitates composite graft survival in cases of fingertip injury. @*Conclusions@#HBO2 treatment was associated with an increased composite graft survival rate in guillotine-type fingertip injuries and reduced the time required for grafts to heal.

Urethroplasty of extensive penile urethral strictures with a longitudinal ventral tubed flap of penile skin (modified Orandi urethroplasty): 20 years of follow-up of two cases

The surgical treatment of extensive urethral strictures remains a controversial topic; although techniques have evolved, there is still no definite method of choice. Since 1968, when Orandi presented an original technique for one-stage urethroplasty using a penile skin flap, the Orandi technique has become the most prevalently used one-stage procedure for anterior urethral strictures. We present a 20-year follow-up experience with one-stage reconstruction of long urethral strictures using a longitudinal ventral tubed flap of penile skin, with some important technical changes to Orandi’s original technique to overcome the deficient vascularity caused by periurethral scar tissue. In 1997, a 55-year-old male patient complained of severe voiding difficulty and a weak urinary stream because of transurethral resection of the prostate due to benign prostatic hyperplasia. Another 47-year-old male patient had the same problem due to self-removal of a Foley catheter in 2002. In both patients, a urethrogram demonstrated extensive strictures involving the long segment of the anterior urethra. A rectangular skin flap on the ventral surface of the penis was used considering the appropriate length, diameter, and depth of the neourethra. The modified Orandi flap provided a pedicled strip of penile skin measuring an average of 8 cm. The mean duration of follow-up was 20.5 years. A long-term evaluation revealed stable performance characteristics without any complications.

Exercise and Neuroinflammation in Health and Disease / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

Neuroinflammation is a central pathological feature of several acute and chronic brain diseases, including Alzheimer disease (AD), Parkinson disease (PD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), and multiple sclerosis (MS). It induces microglia activation, mitochondrial dysfunction, the production of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), pro-inflammatory cytokines, and reactive oxygen species. Exercise, which plays an important role in maintaining and improving brain health, might be a highly effective intervention for preventing neuroinflammation-related diseases. Thus, since exercise can improve the neuroimmune response, we hypothesized that exercise would attenuate neuroinflammation-related diseases. In this review, we will highlight (1) the biological mechanisms that underlie AD, PD, ALS, and MS, including the neuroinflammation pathways associated with microglia activation, NF-κB, pro-inflammatory cytokines, mitochondrial dysfunction, and reactive oxygen species, and (2) the role of exercise in neuroinflammation-related neurodegenerative diseases.

Effects of Acute Exercise on Mitochondrial Function, Dynamics, and Mitophagy in Rat Cardiac and Skeletal Muscles / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE@#This study aimed to investigate the effects of single-bout exercise on mitochondrial function, dynamics (fusion, fission), and mitophagy in cardiac and skeletal muscles.@*METHODS@#Fischer 344 rats (4 months old) were randomly divided into the control (CON) or acute exercise (EX) group (n=10 each). The rats performed a single bout of treadmill exercise for 60 minutes. Mitochondrial function (e.g., O₂ respiration, H₂O₂ emission, Ca²⁺ retention capacity), mitochondrial fusion (e.g., Mfn1, Mfn2, Opa1), mitochondrial fission (e.g., Drp1, Fis1), and mitophagy (e.g., Parkin, Pink1, LC3II, Bnip3) were measured in permeabilized cardiac (e.g., left ventricle) and skeletal (e.g., soleus, white gastrocnemius) muscles.@*RESULTS@#Mitochondrial O₂ respiration and Ca²⁺ retention capacity were significantly increased in all tissues of the EX group compared with the CON group. Mitochondrial H₂O₂ emissions showed tissue-specific results; the emissions showed no significant differences in the left ventricle or soleus (type I fibers) but was significantly increased in the white gastrocnemius (type II fibers) after acute exercise. Mitochondrial fusion and fission were not altered in any tissues of the EX group. Mitophagy showed tissue-specific differences: It was not changed in the left ventricle or white gastrocnemius, whereas Parkin and LC3II were significantly elevated in the soleus muscle.@*CONCLUSIONS@#A single bout of aerobic exercise may improve mitochondrial function (e.g., O₂ respiration and Ca²⁺ retention capacity) in the heart and skeletal muscles without changes in mitochondrial dynamics or mitophagy.

Treadmill Exercise Ameliorates Chemotherapy-Induced Muscle Weakness and Central Fatigue by Enhancing Mitochondrial Function and Inhibiting Apoptosis / 대한배뇨장애요실금학회지

PURPOSE@#Chemotherapy is associated with the side effects including damage to the mitochondrial DNA. Doxorubicin (DOX) serves as a chemotherapeutic agent for the patients with breast cancer or prostate cancer. DOX causes muscle weakness and fatigue. We investigated the effects of treadmill exercise on DOX-induced apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in relation to central fatigue. For this study, we used the rat model of DOX-induced muscle damage.@*METHODS@#DOX (2 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected 1 time per week for 4 weeks. Treadmill running continued 5 days per week for 4 weeks. Muscle strength and fatigue index in the gastrocnemius were measured. Immunohistochemistry for the expressions of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) in the dorsal raphe was conducted. We used western blot analysis for the expressions of Bax, Bcl-2, and caspases-3 in the gastrocnemius. Mitochondrial function in the gastrocnemius was also evaluated.@*RESULTS@#DOX treatment decreased muscle strength with increase of fatigue index in the gastrocnemius. Mitochondria function was deteriorated and apoptosis in the gastrocnemius was enhanced by DOX treatment. Expressions of TPH and 5-HT in the dorsal raphe were increased by DOX treatment. Treadmill exercise attenuated DOX-induced muscle fatigue and impairment of mitochondria function. Apoptosis in the gastrocnemius was inhibited and over-expression of TPH and 5-HT was suppressed by treadmill exercise.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Apoptosis was enhanced and mitochondria function was deteriorated by DOX treatment, resulting in muscle weakness and central fatigue. Treadmill exercise suppressed apoptosis and prevented deterioration of mitochondria function in muscle, resulting in alleviation of muscle weakness and central fatigue during DOX therapy.

Cystic Meningiomas: Correlation between Radiologic and Histopathologic Features

BACKGROUND: Tumors with cysts often correlate with gliomas, metastatic tumors, or hemangioblastomas, which require differentiation. METHODS: Thirty-eight cases of cyst associated-meningioma based on preoperative radiologic studies and histologic confirmations were reviewed from November 1998 to July 2017. RESULTS: A total of 395 cases of meningioma were observed in the 20 years, and surgical treatment of intracranial meningioma was performed in 120 cases. Thirty-eight (9.6%) cases of cyst associated meningiomas were analyzed. Nauta type I was the most common type of cyst (39.5%) and the most frequent histopathological subtype was meningothelial type (36.8%). CONCLUSION: Statistically there were no significant associations between meningioma histopathological type and associated cysts; however, the rate of World Health Organization grade II was higher in cyst associated meningiomas than in unrelated meningiomas. This correlation was weak, in accordance with the meningioma grade.

Ursolic acid in health and disease

Ursolic acid (UA) is a natural triterpene compound found in various fruits and vegetables. There is a growing interest in UA because of its beneficial effects, which include anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-apoptotic, and anti-carcinogenic effects. It exerts these effects in various tissues and organs: by suppressing nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in cancer cells, improving insulin signaling in adipose tissues, reducing the expression of markers of cardiac damage in the heart, decreasing inflammation and increasing the level of anti-oxidants in the brain, reducing apoptotic signaling and the level of oxidants in the liver, and reducing atrophy and increasing the expression levels of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and irisin in skeletal muscles. Moreover, UA can be used as an alternative medicine for the treatment and prevention of cancer, obesity/diabetes, cardiovascular disease, brain disease, liver disease, and muscle wasting (sarcopenia). In this review, we have summarized recent data on the beneficial effects and possible uses of UA in health and disease managements.

A Case of Silicone Band Migration Following an Encircling Procedure

PURPOSE: In the present study, a case of silicone band migration following an encircling procedure was reported. CASE SUMMARY: A seven-year-old male was admitted to our hospital after undergoing primary corneal suture and cataract extraction for traumatic corneal laceration and cataract in the left eye at another hospital. The cornea was well sutured, but due to vitreous bleeding and retinal detachment, we performed vitrectomy and silicone oil injection in combination with scleral buckling. The retina was well attached for 7 months following the procedure but the silicone oil was removed due to uncontrolled intraocular pressure elevation. Ten days later, the patient was readmitted for blurred vision in the left eye and vitreous bleeding as well as superotemporal retinal detachment were observed. During vitrectomy, we could not locate the indentation caused by scleral buckle, therefore extraocular area was closely examined. The scleral fixation sutures were well maintained in all 4 quadrants but the silicone band was not observed within the sutures. The band was located anterior to the fixation sutures and was displaced anterior to the medial rectus muscle insertion. The encircling silicone band was removed. The encircling procedure was again performed with a new silicone band combined with vitrectomy and silicone oil injection. Retinal attachment has been maintained and the silicone band well anchored since the operation. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior migration of the silicone band through the outer layer of the sclera or one or more tendons of recti muscles is a rare but potential complication of scleral buckling. Hence, clinicians must note the possibility of this complication when retinal detachment recurs and the encircling buckle is not observed.

Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion and in Situ Screw Fixation for Rostral Adjacent Segment Stenosis of the Lumbar Spine

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to describe the detailed surgical technique and short-term clinical and radiological outcomes of lateral lumbar interbody fusion (LLIF) and in situ lateral screw fixation using a conventional minimally invasive screw fixation system (MISF) for revision surgery to treat rostral lumbar adjacent segment disease. METHODS: The medical and radiological records were retrospectively reviewed. The surgery was indicated in 10 consecutive patients with rostral adjacent segment stenosis and instability. After the insertion of the interbody cage, lateral screws were inserted into the cranial and caudal vertebra using the MISF through the same LLIF trajectory. The radiological and clinical outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. RESULTS: The median follow-up period was 13 months (range, 3–48 months). Transient sensory changes in the left anterior thigh occurred in 3 patients, and 1 patient experienced subjective weakness; however, these symptoms normalized within 1 week. Back and leg pain were significantly improved (p<0.05). In the radiological analysis, both the segmental angle at the operated segment and anterior disc height were significantly increased. At 6 months postoperatively, solid bony fusion was confirmed in 7 patients. Subsidence and mechanical failure did not occur in any patients. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that LLIF and in situ lateral screw fixation may be an alternative surgical option for rostral lumbar adjacent segment disease.

Mediastinal Actinomycosis Mimicking Mediastinal Lymph Node Metastasis in a Patient with Locally Advanced Pancreatic Cancer / 대한내과학회지

Actinomycosis is a rare chronic suppurative infectious disease caused by Actinomyces spp. Actinomyces are anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria that colonize the mouth, digestive tract, and genital tract. Thoracic actinomycosis is caused by the aspiration of oropharyngeal materials or the spread of cervicofacial infections. Therefore, poor oral hygiene, smoking, and immunodeficiency are risk factors. Actinomycoses are frequently misdiagnosed as anatomical malignancies and thus assessments of the diseases underlying malignancies are often complicated by the presence of actinomycoses. Here, we report a case of mediastinal actinomycosis presenting with clinical and radiological features of metastatic pancreatic cancer. Clinicians should consider the presence of actinomycosis when cancer patients fail to respond to anti-cancer treatments.